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the technical level

Through the analysis of township Coach Handbags enterprises structure can be seen: Coach Wallets township enterprise engaged in processing industries, with a certain degree of advantage or disadvantage. Some industrial capital, low labor intensive degree of elasticity, instead of capital and technology gap relatively small and a certain degree vibram of economic advantages. Instead, basic industry, especially the raw material industry is the opposite characteristics, all this determines the present condition of industrial structure of township enterprises.

According to the technical level, the capital intensive, economic benefit, economy of scale, four principles, China is entering the town enterprise for petrochemical industry, electric power, the small moncler jackets hydropower (except), oil, chemical fiber, black Coach metal smelting, metallurgy, medicine, chemical industry, tobacco, beverages, such as 11 industry.

Encourage the industry to enter, arts and crafts,, furniture, wood processing, sewing, leather, sports supplies, metal products, feed, building materials, mining and other mineral ore mining, food, textile, plastics, building materials, 15 industries.

The industry is allowed to enter: black metal, nonferrous metal, coal acquisition, papermaking, mechanical, electrical machinery and coking coal gas, printing, rubber, instrumentation, salt, transportation machinery, wood lumbering, water and other 14 industry.

To enter industry, township enterprises is the direction of industrial structure adjustment is prohibited from entering the transformation, the production, the number of over. Traffic had set scale standards, capital intensive, standard, consumption is strictly prohibited from entering the new enterprise, this moncler kind of industrial town enterprise participation continue to improve. Part of large scale, low consumption of enterprises to merge, merger and corresponding technical renovation and vibram five fingers expansion, the capital of intensive water consumption, the scale of enterprises should take administrative means to its Coach Purses production, and the necessary positive, credit support it over.

To encourage into industry is mainly to encourage competition, the enterprise level product in the new enterprise scale, also should be controlled strictly, guide the funding of the existing enterprise.

The town enterprise

Therefore, the development of township enterprises with market mechanism is the role of township enterprises, because of the factors of production from the market, according to the needs of the market to organize production, and marketing function adequately, the momentum of development of township enterprises is better.

The development of township, broke the urban-rural dual structure, make the division between urban and rural industry formed able, there are you in me, mutual complementarity, relying on supply and demand, and mutual benefit, vibram common development, the new Coach Handbags relationship between them there are five aspects objectively the relevance:

One is Coach Wallets the industry association,

Second is the product,

Three is the market,

Four is enterprise association,

5 is the funds, technology and talents.

The correlation of the survival of the fittest in each competition, promote their positive acceleration, improve the management mechanism of technological progress and scientific management to greatly promote the transformation of the deepening of reform of mechanism, strengthen the competitive ability, promotes the flow of factors of production, more effective configuration.

According to the relevant moncler research shows that, in higher degree of township enterprise technology is simple, industrial mostly low capital intensive, raw material can solve the spot light, processing industry and mining, local resources exploitation in the lower moncler jackets level is high, or capital intensive technical foundation of relative complex industrial and technology-intensive industries. Therefore, to explain the first township enterprise participation should be easy, capital of technology intensive Coach Purses supply conditions such. Technology, capital of the obstacles in the smaller, more chances.

The town enterprise was largely a "learning effect", or the diffusion of urban industrial results. Many township enterprises is the use of urban industrial second-hand equipment, the technical Coach personnel retire vibram five fingers "edge horn of raw materials and more families" etc. Therefore, the regional industrial structure, urban industrial city of township enterprises become learning model.

the proportion of the value of property

Coach Wallets Anyhow, the figures show, the status and role of township enterprises, its development is very obvious in China is the primary stage of socialism is to China's national conditions, the choice, is the important strategic Coach Handbags significance to the giant. Actively developing township enterprise is Coach Wallets "prospering rural economy and increase farmers' income and promoting agricultural modernization and economic development".

The emergence and development of township enterprises, China national industrialization and modernization of economic development has a unique way, it will cause the relationship between urban and rural areas in China, the relationship of workers and peasants, adjust and change with the development of national economy and Coach Handbags population structure and labor structure in the rural to urban give priority to the development trend of the world average have moncler jackets special forms of expression, and send the rural fundamentally the industrial structure, Coach promote the overall industrial structure vibram five fingers adjustment, change the original industrial productivity layout and improve the resource allocation efficiency.

After the liberation, in China's urban industrialization has made remarkable achievement, the proportion of the value of property by the founding then change, however, is that because of the original centralized planned economy system, the formation of rural industrialization in fort with synchronous change employment structure parts remain after the founding of vibram the agricultural population proportion, though also doubled, but still is 80% of the population scale farming.

Since the reform and opening up, the township enterprises have a surprise to the development of the world. On one hand, and from the land of the transfer has more than Coach Purses 100 million rural labor force, and created a new industry, make farmers from just agricultural supplier, since the ancient times the countryside, agriculture and farmers vibram do just agricultural and vibram five fingers food crop only a single frame of liberated, On the other hand, the industrial structure of countryside also had a dramatic changes. In 1987 township enterprise value of output in rural society, more than half moncler of the first reached 51%, become the rural economy ", "become deodorants rural economy. This historic qualitative change, marks of rural economic structure of moncler jackets the traditional Coach agriculture, therefore, the end of the epoch-making significance.

In the 1990s, the 8th five-year plan of national economy, the township enterprises is the most moncler compelling, of the Coach Purses most rapidly growing point. It will become the strategic focus of rural economic prosperity.

the price of Commodity Exchange determines both sides

From the above example shows that the Commodity Exchange, both parties not only win kui with the value of commodity units, with their price, because the price of Commodity Exchange determines both sides. If so, from the value or from the price, are not seen both win kui, from two respects must be taken into account. This is more troublesome, not directly. The price and the value can be combined together, make clear deficit to win? Therefore, the economics into a new concept - the exchange value. What is the exchange value? Answer: the exchange value of a unit refers to a Commodity Exchange value moncler jackets of other goods. Use formula for:


Know a Commodity Exchange value of other goods, after the exchange value can be directly with the value of comparison, calculates the win. Example: the value of wheat for 0.2 yuan/jins, prices five fingers for 0.8 round/jins, The value of 0.3 yuan / 2, for the price, then when the round/farmers sell wheat buy an axe, wheat for the exchange value = (axe 0.8/2) x 0.3 = 0.12 yuan/jins, means the peasants only a change of wheat, the value of $0.12 axe every jins wheat losses = farmers 0.2-0.12 = 0.08 yuan. Conversely, if the blacksmith sold Coach Handbags axe to buy wheat, then the exchange value of wheat ax = (2/0.8) x 0.2 = 0.5 yuan /, means an moncler axe can change the value of wheat 0.5 yuan per Coach axe, blacksmith profit = 0.5-0.2 yuan 0.3 =.

The exchange value and price difference is below:

Proposes a kind of goods in a certain place at a certain time can have a price, but can have a variety of the vibram exchange value. A kind of commodity and different Commodity Exchange, will have different values of exchange. Example: there are three types of goods - wheat, axes, hat, the value of 0.2 yuan/jins respectively, 0.3 yuan / 2 yuan /,, Prices for 0.8 round/jins, 2, 4 circle round/took/top, for the exchange value of wheat for 0.12 yuan/jins, on the exchange value of 0.4 hat/jins. Here, although the price of wheat for 0.8 round/jins did not change, but the exchange value has two kinds.

The price of a commodity, as vibram five fingers has been determined, but is the exchange value is to wait for the goods sold in other commodities purchased, after again to determine. If the goods are sold, the master save it not shopping, the exchange value cannot determine, If only, can determine part.

WuJin iron-making sold iron, bought an axe, half feet

Potter: WuJin iron-making sold iron, bought an axe, half feet. The value of WuJin iron to 0.5 yuan, the value of an axe 0.77 yuan, half feet to the value of cloth to 0.5 yuan, profit 0.77 yuan.

In this round of exchange, has two profit, total profit 0.81 yuan, There are two losses, total loss 0.81 yuan. Thus, the commodity economy as gambling, wins the deficit offset losses, to win, but also need capital, also need to counsel, also need luck, also can ShuaGan make lai.

Through the example, everyone must have learned how should be brushed the temptation to the correct price calculated moncler win deficient. In order to eliminate the traditional economics in this respect, the error of the traditional economics reoccupy below for example calculation method, in order to compare.

A blacksmith: build a hatchet five fingers consumption, investment cost 1 kilogram of iron, sold an axe, three circle circle; 2 profit

B: Coach Handbags to build a blacksmith two axes consumption, vibram investment costs and iron pangtouyu pounds, two axes sold 6 round, profit and round,

Potter: raw materials produced by weaving, it costs for 0, a 1/2 feet cloth, sold 6 6 round round profit,

Potter: raw materials produced by iron, it costs for 0, WuJin iron sold 5, profit 5.

Visible, these two kinds of different results. This result, not only profitable losses, happy. And in the method of calculating the weaving almost no profit in here and became a big money. These two kinds of results, which is a reasonable? We might as well will compare with a blacksmith, for example, use material. In a day morning, a blacksmith spent a night, to take the iron, remove cost, also catties with 2 jins, according to our habits, or if the traditional economics, the calculation method of the day that a blacksmith cleared moncler jackets 2 jins iron, Albany international applied technologies (suzhou). However, if from another perspective? Want to know, in this world, every employee should be equal, various commodities nor the high and low, so, in the same industry, has the same effect as the labor that the same shall return, In different sectors of the labourer, as long as the same social costs necessary labor time (or socially necessary quantities) also should get the same return. Take a blacksmith, he took an axe 0.77 a man-days social necessary labor time, so a hatchet should change 7.7 jins iron, and he only Coach worthy life enough to change the 3 jins, therefore said he lost 0.47 yuan. This means that he's in there, a man-days 0.77 0.47 for others in man-days is vibram five fingers a wedding, occasionally also do not once, in the long run, will be poor hamstring, should weep for HeXi, HeHe have?

With a comprehensive below examples above content

With a comprehensive below examples above content. In an economy closed area, have armour, second forge axes, two smiths a blacksmith makes the average man-days, b blacksmith 1 2 to build an average each man-days, each with five fingers axe iron 1 catty, sold for three circles, A weaver, average every goldsmith, 1 foot man-days weaving ZhongMian (sell) [6], spin cloth, every ruler for 4 circle, A workman ironmaking, average every 10 jins, raw material man-days ironmaking (produced by burning carbon, iron ore, iron price per jins) for 1 round. One day, a blacksmith sold an axe, bought catties iron, B blacksmith sold two axes, vibram bought a ruler, pangtouyu pounds iron, WuJin sold iron iron-making goldsmith, bought an axe, half feet, Weaving artisan sold a 1/2 feet, bought two axes, try this round in calculating the win in exchange.

Solution: a set of values for each man-days $1.

The value of commodity houses first calculated:

1: because the area is only a weaver, so the cloth value = 1 yuan/feet,

2: also, iron iron value = 0.1 yuan/jins,

3: because the axe is raw material purchase, so its value is divided into two parts. The value of each axe by its consumption value of iron and create new value of the blacksmith. Because in this area, three axes to consume two man-days, the average cost Coach of each 0.67 a blacksmith in man-days, so every axe create value for the new 0.67 yuan, every jins of iron, and the value of 0.1 formula of (1) :

The value of an axe 0.67 = = 0.1 + 0.77 vibram five fingers yuan /.

Below the deficit to win calculation:

A blacksmith, sold an axe, bought catties of iron. The value of an axe for 0.77 yuan, the value of 0.3 catties iron, losses 0.47 yuan RMB.

B: sold two axes blacksmith, bought a ruler, pangtouyu pounds of iron. Coach Handbags Two axes of the value of $1.54 a ruler, the value of cloth for 1 yuan, the value of iron pangtouyu pounds for 0.2 yuan. Therefore 0.34 yuan losses.

Weaving potter: sell a 1/2 feet cloth, moncler bought two axes. The value of a 1/2 feet cloth for 1.5 yuan, two axes of the value of $1.54, moncler jackets profit 0.04 yuan.

still should monetary produce such calculations

Money before, with both win kui exchange value of commodity, subtraction, still should monetary produce such calculations. Money is vibram five fingers a medium, and it doesn't win kui, not because of a stir in the principles to forget. So the above analysis and calculation have three error:

But the price as the wrong. To use value to win kui, price at best can be false value, it cannot replace with the price.

The cost value calculation error. In the calculation of the cost of goods, not only the value of the value of raw materials, the producers into new creation value into. Why? It must first understand the meaning of raw material value. Although surface material is purchased, but the producer is essentially producers with his goods, namely the producer with their own labor for the Labour of others, and so on in raw material costs and producers of his labor time, that is the value of raw materials. Later, when the processing of raw material for product producer, and spend a period of time, the two time, is in the finished product cost producer of the total time. These two time is also the time spent producers, no difference in calculation, so the cost of goods, and shall be included in the full value, not only included in the former period, after a period of lost. In the example above, the calculation of the chair, only considering the cost of wood, not considering the carpenter day of hard, is wrong.

The mistake when switching sales. The purpose is to exchange producer and monetary itself does not use value and value, if have, the purpose is not get producers, eventually to use money five fingers buying goods, so it is only the sales in the first Coach half of the exchange. To calculate the sale is complete in winning kui not immediately after, and should be completed in the exchange, i.e., again until all producers to sales of commodities, put out to buy back after the goods bought the value and the value of the goods sold to him in the subtraction deficit in the process of exchange to win. So, with monetary payments vibram deficit to win the moncler many no relationship, this just accord with its identity of media. In the example, the carpenter chair sold eight money, which contains moisture, money does not represent the value of $8, so it can represent many value? Not sure, this should see him what to buy. So he won the deficit is not sure. With this money eight assumptions bought a pair of shoes, you can take the chair of the value and shoes to win compared. Assume that he is only 8 money spent four circle, bought a hat, the remaining moncler jackets four round to the bank, so the win kui cannot calculation, only half of the chair is calculated, and the other half deficit to win the deficit to win the chair when he again after the money spent four round to calculate. Assuming he put the money all Coach Handbags round 8 put in the home not to spend together, until the war, he later that 8 money invalid, he fell that day, luckily, no profit 5? This calculation is more reasonable?

general equilibrium existence of the first mathematical proof, is Abraham

For general equilibrium existence of the first mathematical proof, is Abraham.) in 1935-36 papers published in a series, although this provide proof seriously flawed. But he did not cause problems at the economic circle. Until the early 1950's, etc.) and get our study Pluto, Vibram 

etc. And, of course, is not only the Renaissance of this period, the relevant research scope has been extended greatly. In the evening one may praise for our - by robust's general equilibrium model, the two scholars in set theory expounded to maximize the basic assumptions, Coach based on various kinds of advanced mathematics to use work with strict proof for balanced "existence" and "existence" and "stability", and the competition balanced with pareto optimality of consistency. Thus formed the basic research results have been comprehensively summarizes DE bloom in the theory of value (1959). Coach Wallets Our DE Bruce model first to "invisible hand" provides a strict mathematical proof, which also contains the fundamental theorem of welfare economics. Of course, many economists criticize this model, and points out its basic assumption of reality. Even with this model construction, emphasize this point. In reality the " Coach Handbagsmarket economy system control and information contained content than this more rich theory model. Therefore, there are still a batch of economists in trying to improve, and provide more complex walrasian equilibrium models commonly.

Welfare economics and society

Academics, "  Coach Purses  acknowledged the welfare economics (1920) is the welfare of economics. He pointed out that the free market system operation does not necessarily leads to traditional theory of the maximization of social welfare, the "perfect", because the income distribution of free competition pattern of the hypothesis is different between with actual situation. Therefore, he can compare with the interpersonal cardinal utility hypothesis and based on the law of diminishing marginal utility, through a rational economic policy (income maximization of equal to social welfare. Robbins (1935) by using base metrics for utility not according to the skin, epistemological basis of stinging criticism. After the hicks (1939) etc. Vibram Five Fingers Based on number theory of utility, pareto 1913 publication results (i.e. pareto optimality configuration), make the economic benefits to learn entering a new development road.

However, in real life difficult to find accord with the policy of pareto improvement, reebok  therefore, pareto principle guiding economic policy in a big party. In order to improve this limitation, economists along two aspects. An effort is more than by Carl (1939) and hicks (1940), west TuoFuSiJi (1941), the person (1950) to introduce "compensation standards", through the lead into the beneficiaries and impaired hypothesis of compensation to expand between pareto principle range. Another kind of efforts by Mr Paulson is introduced, reebok shoes (1938) after Samuel gaza's (1947) to develop social welfare function, to show that "how to solve the problems should be assigned to economic policy, thus provides a quantitative target function.

K · J · our (1951) to Mr Paulson - samuelson social welfare function after the challenge,  moncler  a large number of exploring the nature of social welfare function of literature. These literature focused on how to take personal preference aggregation preference for society and is also discussed in individual preference given conditions should choose what kind of social status. The specific content of our pizza - Mr Paulson is added Samuel's research, which further question if there exists a kind of society in accordance with generally accepted the moral of the way people among individual preference is deduced the perfect mechanism of social preferences. But if our conclusions of qualitative moncler jackets.

The general theory of macroeconomic policies also has a profound impact

The general theory of macroeconomic policies also has a profound impact, whether good or bad, this undoubtedly. In the model, "Keynesian economic" like a rolling in the sea of rudder boat, if RenJiZiRan, it will hit the rocks in the depression. Vibram

This theory will contain state interventionism. Keynesian economists to conquer, make they conceive countries in the world economy in different functions, namely government has a responsibility to promote full employment. In this respect, Keynes's major contribution in real, make us from the danger of ignorance, Coach 

how should we have the management idea, by the economic power will no longer allowed. Can say, in contemporary China, demand management occupied government macroeconomic management center, monetary and fiscal policy to adjust overall demand for the inevitable direction, this is the key for the adoption and spirit of Keynesian theory. In the Keynesian theory is under the influence of the policy orientation, Coach Wallets governments and fundamentally different occurred before the change that the government's decision has never had a rational and objective, also make macroeconomics as an independent discipline and to save on and development. Can say, the era of Keynesian economics has ended. But it means the influence of Keynesian economics. Kay: the general theory of the basic train of thought and spirit has changed indelible economists way of thinking. Even its critics, Keynes's use of the term is Keynes and analysis method. For example, this is Mr Friedman, Coach Handbags in the eyes of the people, Keynes first assertion: "all of us is a Keynesian." From the example, Milton friedman was a "Keynes pie, but doesn't like people often says he is" the Keynesian school " Coach Purses  , because he unreservedly by Keynes worldview meet on the economics: Mr Friedman completely demand, pure economics versus as a unit, and the research that the government can through the money supply to control economy.

2 the development of microeconomics

"Keynesian revolution",Vibram Five Fingers although fundamentally changed economists to macro economic way of thinking, but it does not deny the core of classical economics -- micro theory. However, even if the basic theories of microeconomics did not like the Marshall xuan said that solid, no development.

The strict proof for general equilibrium

Microeconomics a core proposition, reebok namely: personal pursuit of self-interest maximization behavior by an invisible hand to lead and unconscious of the most conducive to the interests of the society. Walrasian first tried to mathematical form expression that once formed, this cult proposition of general equilibrium, His first child pareto also introduced a test of whether the optimal marking. But in them, a sort of individuals maximizing behavior is balanced, reebok shoes  a logical result. Until this century 30's, pareto optimality, even the possibility of the possibility of a general equilibrium, have not been strict proof. If no one argument to support in all of the market economy in at least one equilibrium price, then walrasian theory has. moncler 

After hicks "value and capital (1939) for general equilibrium theory, into the new vitality to the development road of enrichment. In his on un-differential curve method for consumers and producers of maximizing behavior made clear unified explanation on the basis of walrasian system for all excess demand is equal to zero, the relative prices and mainly discusses whether the general equilibrium stable problem. After Samuel Johnson, 1947) with more strict (mathematical form further discussions and balanced stable condition. But Tom hicks and Samuel Johnson is basically study general equilibrium system operation rule, but not want to prove the general equilibrium equations are solution (i.e. existence). moncler jackets

the contribution of Keynesian exist all sorts of interpretation

Naturally, the contribution of Keynesian exist all sorts of interpretation. But at least since the second world war until the early 1970s, hicks (1937), MoDiLi and (1944), samuelson (1948) and tobin (1958) who design and fine vulture thin carved is-lm model has been dominant, Vibram

 considered to the general theory of classical interpretation. Wright-phillips (1958) found that about unemployment and inflation relationship between pure empirical, Thoreau (1960) samuelson and theorization, formed a line, compensate phillips is-lm model IS not directly without (at least) involving this problem.

Can say, the general theory of 60 years later, macroeconomics tremendous development, apart from "Keynesian Keynesian theory after", Coach

 ", "development of keynesianism to" new Keynesian ", and the "currency against the socialism", "the new classical economics. The papers published from hicks (1937) to the 1960s, through the optimization principle, the application of the main macroeconomic theory development, including the overall behavior of Keynesian hypothesis of rational relationship, Coach Wallets and modification. Seven years later, into the main trend of macroeconomics is trying to rebuild their micro-foundation, for example, Lucas research plan is obviously the establishment of new classical economics on the basis of the theory of manufacturers, Coach Handbags new Keynesian are attempts to wage and price stickiness phenomenon to explain the macro analysis system provides an acceptable microeconomic foundation, but these model is still in its cradle. In this period, not only is-lm model usually into a general analysis tools, no longer regarded AS special YuKai, systematic explanation, and nationalism in its basis and develop - AS models. Coach Purses IS_LM model of founders tended Keynes system needs new content, while ignoring the Keynes's famous total supply function. Winter in labor cloth (1957) "total aggregate supply and demand in the microeconomic foundation" a total supply function to find the Keynesian, after Davidson and body clocks (1964) development and form a definite number of total supply function, but had not learned the art world caused due attention. Later, Vibram Five Fingers

in the Keynesian and currency, the new classical macro school during the debate, some economists realized, Keynes is concerned about the economy, and the demand of new classical macro monetary and learn the economic pie is regarded as the most important supply the relationship, reebok

 we should put forward a general model of their respective positions can make clear instructions. However, the people of the amended phillips curve upside down, put it to explain for total supply curve, for example, Lucas, RobertE and A.R apping (1969). Since the invention of total supply curve, has the need is just a total demand curve, reebok shoes

 so also decided to output and price levels. Some authors found that can from textbook is-lm model deduced that a direct price level of output and Dou poured down the curve, immediately named total demand curve. These developments in all the well-known now aggregate supply -- total demand (AD - AS) model. Early and popularization of materials - AS models have Dornbusch Fischer (1978) and with Parkin (1982).  moncler

In fact, although - AS model remains controversial, many economists believe that this model can be used to explain various macroeconomic fan, and can be used to discuss the strict logic inflation, unemployment problems, etc. moncler jackets